List of Jews born in the former Russian Empire
- This List of Jews contains individuals who, in accordance with Wikipedia's verifiability and no original research policies, have been identified as Jews by reliable sources.
The following is a list of Jews born in the territory of the former Russian Empire. It is geographically defined, so it also includes people born after the dissolution of the Russian Empire in 1922 and its successor the Soviet Union in 1991.
A few years before The Holocaust, the Jewish population of the Soviet Union (excluding Western Ukraine and the Baltic states who were not part of the Soviet Union then) stood at over 5 million, most of whom were Ashkenazic as opposed to Sephardic, with some Karaite minorities. It is estimated that over half died directly as a result of the Shoah. Many more emigrated to Israel, USA, Argentina, and Germany, though Russia and Ukraine still have among the larger Jewish populations in the world today (440,000 in Russia, 300,000 in Ukraine).
Historical figures
Politicians
- Georgy Arbatov, Soviet politician, academic & political advisor[1]
- Dimitri Bogrov, Soviet politician[2]
- Anatoly Chubais, Deputy Prime Minister, now Chairman of UES[3]
- Mikhail Fradkov, Prime Minister[4]
- Adolph Joffe, Bolshevik diplomat[2][5][6]
- Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician[7][8][9]
- Lev Kamenev, Bolshevik leader[10] (Jewish father)
- Maxim Litvinov, Soviet ambassador and Minister of Foreign Affairs[2][6][11]
- Julius Martov, Menshevik leader[6][12]
- Boris Nemtsov, Deputy Prime Minister[13]
- Karl Radek, Soviet politician[2][6][14]
- Grigory Sokolnikov, Bolshevik politician[15]
- Yakov Sverdlov, Bolshevik leader, the first head of state of the Russian SFSR[2][15]
- Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik politician, the founder of the Red Army[10][16][17][18]
- Moisei Uritsky, Soviet politician[2][19]
- Genrikh Yagoda, head of Secret Police in the Stalin era (1934–1936)[20][21]
- Grigory Zinoviev, Soviet politician[6][10][22]
- Vladimir Zhirinovsky - a Russian politician, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR), Vice-Chairman of the State Duma, and a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe."[23]
Israeli politicians
- Menachem Begin, Israeli Prime Minister, Nobel Prize (1978)[24][25]
- Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, second President of Israel (1952–63)[24][26]
- Shmuel Dayan, Zionist activist, Israeli politician[27]
- Levi Eshkol, Israeli Prime Minister (1963–69)[28][29]
- Ephraim Katzir, fourth President of Israel (1973–78)[30][31]
- Avigdor Lieberman, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Strategic Affairs (2006–2008)[32]
- Golda Meir, Israeli Prime Minister (1969–74)[33][34]
- Shimon Peres, Israeli Prime Minister (1984–86), Nobel Prize (1994)[35]
- Yitzhak Shamir, Israeli Prime Minister (1983–84, 1986–92)[36]
- Natan Sharansky, Israeli politician[37]
- Moshe Sharett, Israeli Prime Minister (1954–55)[15][38]
- Zalman Shazar, third President of Israel (1963–73)[15][39]
- Chaim Weizmann, first President of Israel (1949–52)[40][41]
Israeli military persons
Soviet Soldiers and Revolutionaries
- Osip Aptekman, revolutionary[49]
- Pavel Axelrod, Menshevik, Marxist revolutionary[6][50]
- Yevno Azef, revolutionary[51]
- Tuvie Bielski, Belarusian partisan[52]
- Yakov Blumkin, Soviet spy[52]
- Ivan Chernyakhovsky, Soviet Front Commander, WWII[53]
- Fedor Dan, revolutionary[54]
- Leo Deutsch, revolutionary[55]
- David Dragunsky, Soviet tank brigade commander, WWII[54]
- Raya Dunayevskaya, founder of Marxist humanism in the U.S.[56]
- Gesya Gelfman, revolutionary[57]
- Grigory Gershuni, revolutionary[57]
- Moshe Gildenman, known as Dyadya ("Uncle") Misha, partisan commander[58]
- Grigory Goldenberg, revolutionary[57]
- Olga Kameneva, Russian Bolshevik revolutionary and a Soviet politician (sister of Leon Trotsky)[59]
- Walter Krivitsky, Soviet spy[8]
- Semyon Krivoshein, Soviet mechanized corps commander, WWII[8]
- Rodion Malinovsky, Soviet front commander, WWII, Minister of Defence[12] (Jewish origin is disputed)
- Mark Natanson, revolutionary[60]
- Alexander Parvus, revolutionary[6][61]
- Sidney Reilly,(Born Shlomo Rosenblum) a Ukrainian-born adventurer and Secret Intelligence Service agent[62]
- Theodore Rothstein, Russian-British communist[63]
- Pinhas Rutenberg, Zionist, Social revolutionary[63]
- Israel and Manya Shochat, fonders of the Hashomer movement
- Moisei Uritsky, communist revolutionary[64]
- V. Volodarsky, communist revolutionary[65]
- Iona Yakir, Red Army commander and one of the world's major military reformers between World War I and World War II[66]
Others
- Michael Dorfman, Russian-Israeli essayist and human rights activist
- Yisroel ben Eliezer (The Baal Shem Tov), Rabbi, founder of Hasidic Judaism
- David Dubinsky, American labor leader
- Shlomo Ganzfried, Rabbi
- Fanny Kaplan, would-be assassin of Lenin
- Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Rebbe of the Chabad-Lubavitch branch of Hasidic Judaism
- Boris Volynov, Soviet Astronaut; the first Jew in space (Jewish mother)
- Natasha Epstein, beauty queen and a graduate of Harvard University
- Anatoliy Kravets, Soviet scientist, microbiologist,Head of the Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms(KRIEID)
Business figures
- Roman Abramovich, businessman, owner of Chelsea F.C.[67]
- Pyotr Aven, businessman[67]
- Leon Bagrit, pioneer of automation[68]
- Bernhard Baron, cigarette maker and philanthropist[69]
- Sergey Brin, co-founder of Google[70]
- Zino Davidoff
- Bernard Delfont, impresario[71]
- Mikhail Fridman, businessman[67]
- Arcadi Gaydamak, owner of Portsmouth F.C., AJ Auxerre, and Bnei Sakhnin F.C.[72]
- Leslie Grade, executive[73]
- Lew Grade, impressario, Chairman of ATV from 1962[74]
- Vladimir Gusinsky, exile, former media tycoon[75]
- Boris Khait, businessman and vice-president of the Russian Jewish Congress[76]
- Max Levchin, co-founder of PayPal[77]
- Morris Markin, founder of Checker Cab[78]
- Michael Marks, co-founder of Marks & Spencer[79]
- Alexander Mashkevich, businessman[80]
- Louis B. Mayer, co-founder MGM[81]
- Leonid Nevzlin, businessman[82]
- Ida Rosenthal, founder of Maidenform Brassieres[83]
- David Sarnoff, head of RCA[84]
Scientists
Natural scientists
- Anatole Abragam, physicist
- Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov, physicist, Nobel Prize (2003)[85]
- Zhores Alferov, physicist, Nobel Prize (2000)[86]
- Gersh Budker, nuclear physicist[87]
- Ilya Frank, physicist, Nobel Prize (1958)[88]
- Yakov Frenkel, physicist[89]
- Vitaly Ginzburg, physicist, Nobel Prize (2003)[90]
- Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970), pioneered Microdots and microfilm retrieval technology[91]
- Vladimir Gribov, physicist[92]
- Mikhail Gurevich, co-founder of the Mikoyan Gurevich (MiG) aircraft design bureau[93]
- Waldemar Haffkine, biologist, vaccine against colera and plague[94]
- Boris Hessen, physicist[95]
- Abram Ioffe, nuclear scientist[96]
- Vladimir Keilis-Borok, physicist[97]
- Yuli Khariton, physicist[98]
- Semyon Kosberg, engineer[99]
- Lev Landau, physicist, Nobel Prize (1962)[100]
- Semyon Lavochkin, engineer[93]
- Veniamin Levich, electrochemist[101]
- Alexander Vilenkin, cosmologist[102]
- Selman Waksman, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1952)[103]
- Anatoliy Kravets, Soviet scientist, microbiologist,Head of the Laboratory of Genetics of Microorganisms(KRIEID)
Mathematicians
- Georgy Adelson-Velsky, mathematician[104]
- Vladimir Arnold, mathematician[105]
- Joseph Bernstein, mathematician[106]
- Alexander Brudno, mathematician[107]
- Chudnovsky brothers, amateur mathematicians
- Vladimir Drinfeld, mathematician, Fields Medal (1990)
- Eugene Dynkin, mathematician
- Paul Sophus Epstein, mathematician
- Israel Gelfand, mathematician,
- Alexander Gelfond, mathematician
- Semyon Aranovich Gershgorin, mathematician
- Victor Kac, mathematician
- David Kazhdan, mathematician
- Aleksandr Khinchin, mathematician
- Mark Krasnoselsky, mathematician
- Mark Krein, mathematician,
- Alexander Kronrod, mathematician
- Yevgeniy Landis, mathematician
- Solomon Lefschetz, mathematician
- Vladimir Levenshtein, mathematician
- Leonid Levin, mathematician, computational complexity theory
- Jacob Levitzki, Ukrainian-Israeli mathematician
- Grigory Margulis, mathematician, Fields Medal (1978)
- David Milman, mathematician
- Mark Naimark, mathematician
- Grigori Perelman, mathematician
- Vladimir Rokhlin, mathematician
- Jakob Rosanes, mathematician
- Lev Schnirelmann, mathematician
- Zvi Hermann Schapira, mathematician
- Moses Schönfinkel, logician
- Samuil Shatunovsky, mathematician
- Yakov G. Sinai, applied mathematician
- Pavel Urysohn, mathematician
- Boris Weisfeiler, mathematician
- Victor Zalgaller, mathematician
- Oscar Zariski, mathematician
- Efim Zelmanov, mathematician, Fields Medal (1994)
Social scientists
- Urie Bronfenbrenner, developmental psychologist
- Allen Krivolapov, Teaologist, Nobel Prize (2011)
- Solomon Buber, Hebraist[108]
- Ariel Durant, historian,
- Boris Eichenbaum, historian
- Mikhail Epstein, literary theorist
- Moshe Feldenkrais, inventor of the Feldenkrais method
- Alexander Gerschenkron, economic historian
- Jean Gottmann, geographer[109]
- Lazar Gulkowitsch, Jewish Studies scholar
- Abraham Harkavy, historian
- Zellig Harris, linguist
- Roman Jakobson, Russian/American linguist
- Naum Krasner, economist
- Leonid Hurwicz, economist, Nobel Prize (2007)
- Simon Kuznets, economist, Nobel Prize (1971)[110]
- Yuri Lotman, prominent linguist and historian of culture
- Seymour Lubetzky, cataloging theorist
- Jacob Marschak, economist[111]
- Alexander Luria, neuropsychologist
- Alexander Nove, economist[112]
- Jacob Rabinow, inventor
- Ayn Rand, philosopher
- Anatol Rapoport, game theorist
- Dietmar Rosenthal, linguist
- Leonid Roshal, pediatrician, negotiator
- Isaak Russman, historian
- Max Seligsohn, Orientalist
- Lev Shestov, philosopher
Cultural figures
Musicians
Chazzan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordechai_Hershman
- Joseph Achron, composer
- Lera Auerbach, composer/pianist[113]
- Vladimir Ashkenazi, pianist (Jewish father)
- Yefim Bronfman, pianist
- Simon Barere, pianist
- Rudolf Barshai, conductor
- Dimitri Bashkirow, pianist
- Yuri Bashmet, violist[52]
- Irving Berlin composer and lyricist[114]
- Lazar Berman, pianist[115]
- Matvei Blanter, composer, Katyusha
- Felix Blumenfeld, pianist
- Shura Cherkassky, pianist
- Bella Davidovich, pianist
- Issay Dobrowen, pianist and composer
- Isaak Dunayevsky, composer
- Mischa Elman, violinist[116]
- Mark Ermler, conductor[117]
- Anthony Fedorov, singer, American Idol finalist[118]
- Samuil Feinberg, composer[119][120]
- Vladimir Feltsman, pianist
- Veniamin Fleishman, composer
- Grigory Frid, songwriter
- Artur Friedheim, composer
- Kirill Gerstein, pianist
- Josef Gingold (1909–1995) violinist[121]
- Grigory Ginsburg, pianist
- Emil Gilels, pianist[122]
- Grigory Ginzburg, conductor
- Mark Gorenstein, conductor
- Riva Gorohovskaya,pianist
- Maria Grinberg, pianist
- Natalia Gutman, cellist
- Jascha Heifetz, violinist
- Jascha Horenstein, conductor
- Vladimir Horowitz, pianist
- Oleg Kagan, violinist
- Ilya Kaler, violinist
- Tina Karol, singer[123]
- Boris Khaykin, conductor[124]
- Evgeny Kissin, pianist
- Alexander Knaifel, composer
- Leonid Kogan, violinist
- Mikhail Kopelman, violinist
- Yakov Kreizberg, conductor
- Josef Lhévinne, pianist
- Alexander Lokshin, composer (Jewish father)
- Arthur Lourié, composer
- Oleg Maisenberg, pianist
- Samuel Maykapar, composer/pianist[125]
- Nathan Milstein, violinist
- Shlomo Mintz, violinist
- Boris Moiseev, dancer, showmaker
- Benno Moiseiwitsch, pianist
- David Oistrakh, violinist
- Leo Ornstein, composer
- Gregor Piatigorsky, cellist
- Pokrass brothers, composers
- Alexander Rosenbaum, singer/songwriter
- Anton Rubinstein, pianist/composer
- Nikolai Rubinstein, pianist/composer
- Samuil Samosud, conductor
- Alfred Schnittke, composer (Jewish father)
- Joseph Schillinger, composer, music theorist, and composition teacher
- Daniil Shafran, cellist
- Leo Sirota, pianist[126]
- Regina Spektor, singer-songwriter and pianist[127]
- Isaac Stern, violinist[128]
- Sophie Tucker, singer
- Efrem Zimbalist, Russian-born American violinist
- Maxim Vengerov, prominent violinist
- Alexander Veprik, composer
- Maria Yudina, pianist
- Yakov Zak, pianist
- Mikhael Rauchverger,pianist and composer
- Aleksey Igudesman,violinist
Performing and fine artists
- Eugene Abeshaus, painter
- Jacob Adler, actor
- Meer Akselrod, painter
- Benish Mininberg, painter
- Nathan Altman, painter and stage designer from Vinnytsia
- Boris Aronson, painter & designer
- Mordechai Avniel, painter
- Leon Bakst, painter & costume designer
- Eugène Berman, painter
- Isaak Brodskiy, painter
- Marc Chagall, painter from Vitebsk
- Joseph Chaikov, sculptor
- Ilya Chashnik, painter
- Nudie Cohn, fashion designer
- Sonia Delaunay, painter
- Maya Deren, filmmaker
- Boris Efimov, cartoonist
- Fridrikh Ermler, film director
- Aleksandr Faintsimmer, cinematographer
- Robert Falk, painter
- Aleksandr Gelman, playwright
- Aleksei German, cinematographer
- Moisei Ginzburg, architect
- Michail Grobman, painter
- Abraham Goldfaden (1840–1908), playwright and theatre director[129]
- Yuli Gusman, director
- Boris Iofan, architect
- Ilya Kabakov, conceptual artist (Jewish father)
- Yevgeny Khaldei, photographer
- Iosif Kheifits, film director
- Roman Abelevich Kachanov, animator
- Aleksei Kapler, film artist
- Roman Kartsev, actor[130]
- Boris Kaufman, cinematographer
- Mikhail Kaufman, cinematographer
- Gennady Khazanov, comedian[131]
- Michel Kikoine, painter
- Komar and Melamid, art-duo
- Jacob Kramer, painter[132]
- Pinchus Kremegne, painter
- Mila Kunis, television actress[133]
- Morris Lapidus, architect
- Isaac Levitan, painter
- El Lissitzky, designer
- Anatole Litvak, director
- Abram Manevich, painter
- Solomon Mikhoels, actor & director
- Lew Milinder, actor
- Alexander Mitta, film director
- Alla Nazimova, actress
- Louise Nevelson, sculptor
- Ernst Neizvestny, sculptor[134]
- Solomon Nikritin, painter
- Yuri Norstein, animator
- Jules Olitski, painter
- Leonid Pasternak, painter
- Antoine Pevsner, sculptor
- Maya Plisetskaya, ballerina
- Iosif Prut, playwright
- Elena Ralph, model[135]
- Faina Ranevskaya, comedian
- Arkady Raikin, humorist
- Mikhail Romm, director (Jewish father)
- Abram Room, film artist
- Hanna Rovina, actress
- Ida Rubinstein, dancer
- Issachar Rybak, painter from Yelizavetgrad[136]
- Mikhail Schweitzer, screenwriter
- Yefim Shifrin, comedian
- Viktor Shenderovich, humorist
- David Shterenberg, painter from Zhitomir
- Yakov Smirnoff, American comedian
- Chaim Soutine, painter from Minsk
- Raphael Soyer, American painter
- Lee Strasberg, acting teacher
- Leonid Trauberg, cinematographer
- Dziga Vertov, director
- Anton Yelchin, Russian-born American film/television actor
- Ossip Zadkine, sculptor[137] (Jewish father)
- Genndy Tartakovsky, Russian-born American animation director
- Vladimir Galperin, journalist and writer, literature professor[138]
Writers and poets
- David Aizman, writer and playwright
- Vasily Aksyonov, writer (Jewish mother)
- Sholom Aleichem, Yiddish-language writer[139]
- Isaac Asimov, science fiction writer
- Isaac Babel, writer[24]
- Eduard Bagritsky, poet[24]
- Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, Hebrew-language writer
- Isaac Dov Berkowitz, writer[24]
- Hayyim Nahman Bialik, poet[24]
- Rachel Bluwstein, poet
- Yosef Haim Brenner, Hebrew-language writer[24]
- Osip Brik, author[24]
- Joseph Brodsky, Russian-language poet, Nobel Prize (1987)[24]
- Sasha Cherny, poet[140]
- Yuli Daniel, writer
- Michael Dorfman, journalist and esseyst
- David Edelstadt, Yiddish-language anarchist poet
- Ilya Ehrenburg, writer[28]
- Natan Eidelman, writer
- Alter Esselin, poet, carpenter
- Alexander Galich, playwright poet[141]
- Asher Hirsch Ginsberg (Ahad Ha'Am), Hebrew-language writer
- Lydia Ginzburg, writer[141]
- Yevgenia Ginzburg, writer[141]
- Jacob Gordin, American playwright[141]
- Leon Gordon, writer[141]
- Vasily Grossman, writer[141]
- Igor Guberman, writer[141]
- Peretz Hirshbein, playwright[141]
- Ilya Ilf, writer[142]
- Vera Inber, poet[142]
- Lev Kassil, writer
- Veniamin Kaverin, writer (Jewish father)
- A.M. Klein, poet
- Pavel Kogan, poet
- Lev Kopelev, author and dissident
- Arkady Kotz, poet
- Lazar Lagin, writer
- Vladimir Lantsberg, writer
- H. Leivick, dramatist
- Benedikt Livshits, writer
- Nadezhda Mandelstam, writer
- Osip Mandelstam, poet
- Samuil Marshak, poet
- Yunna Morits, poet
- Semen Nadson, poet (Jewish father)
- Boris Pasternak, writer, Nobel Prize (1958)
- Yakov Perelman, writer
- David Pinski, writer
- Lev Razgon, writer, gulag inmate for 17 years
- Yevgeny Rein, poet
- Ayn Rand, writer (born Alisa Rosenbaum)
- Anatoli Rybakov, writer[143]
- David Samoylov, poet
- Mendele Mocher Sforim, founder of modern Yiddish and modern Hebrew literature
- Viktor Shklovsky, writer and critic (Jewish father)
- Ilia Shtemler, writer
- Gary Shteyngart (Steinhart), writer
- Boris Slutsky, war-time poet
- Boris and Arkady Strugatsky, science fiction writers (Jewish father)
- Mikhail Svetlov, poet
- Shaul Tchernichovsky, poet and translator[144]
- Yuri Tynyanov, writer
Sport figures
Chess
Boxing
Canoeing
- Leonid Geishtor, USSR (Belarus), sprint canoer, Olympic champion (Canadian pairs 1,000-meter)
- Michael Kolganov, Soviet (Uzbek)-born Israeli, sprint canoer, world champion, Olympic bronze (K-1 500-meter)
- Naum Prokupets, Moldovan-born Soviet, sprint canoer, Olympic bronze (C-2 1,000-meter), gold (C-2 10,000-meter) at ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships
Fencing
- Sergei Charikov, Russia (saber), 2x Olympic champion, silver, bronze
- Vadim Gutzeit, Ukraine (saber), Olympic champion[155]
- Grigory Kriss, Soviet (épée), Olympic champion, 2x silver
- Maria Mazina, Russia (épée), Olympic champion, bronze
- Mark Midler, Soviet (foil), 2x Olympic champion
- Mark Rakita, Soviet (saber), 2x Olympic champion, 2x silver
- Yakov Rylsky, Soviet (saber), Olympic champion
- David Tyshler, Soviet (saber), Olympic bronze
- Eduard Vinokurov, Russia (saber), 2x Olympic champion, silver
- Iosif Vitebskiy, Soviet (épée), Olympic silver, 10x national champion
Figure skating
- Ilya Averbukh, Russia, ice dancer, Olympic silver
- Oksana Baiul, Ukraine, figure skater, Olympic gold, world champion[156]
- Alexei Beletski, Ukrainian-born Israeli, ice dancer, Olympian[157]
- Aleksandr Gorelik, Soviet, pair skater, Olympic silver, World Championship 2x silver, bronze
- Natalia Gudina, Ukrainian-born Israeli, figure skater, Olympian[158]
- Gennadi Karponossov, Russia, ice dancer & coach, Olympic gold, World Championship 2x gold, silver, 2x bronze
- Michael Shmerkin, Soviet-born Israeli, figure skater[159]
- Irina Slutskaya, Russia, figure skater, Olympic silver, bronze, World Championship 2x gold, 3x silver, bronze
- Maxim Staviski, Russian-born Bulgarian, ice dancer, World Championship gold, silver, bronze[160]
- Alexandra Zaretski, Belarusian-born Israeli, ice dancer, Olympian
- Roman Zaretski, Belarusian-born Israeli, ice dancer, Olympian[161]
Gymnastics
- Evgeny (or Yevgeny) Babich, Soviet, Olympic champion, world & European champion, 2x runner-up
- Yanina Batyrchina, Russia, Olympic silver (rhythmic gymnastics)
- Maria Gorokhovskaya, USSR, Olympic 2x champion (all-around individual exercises, team combined exercises), 5x silver (vault, asymmetrical bars, balance beam, floor exercises, team exercises with portable apparatus)
- Natalia Laschenova, USSR, Olympic champion (team)
- Tatiana Lysenko, Soviet/Ukrainian, 2x Olympic champion (balance beam, team combined exercises), bronze (horse vault)
- Mikhail Perelman, USSR, Olympic champion (team combined exercises)
- Vladimir Portnoi, USSR, Olympic silver (team combined exercises) and bronze (long horse vault)
- Yulia Raskina, Belarus, Olympic silver (rhythmic gymnastics)
- Alexander Shatilov, Uzbekistan/Israel, world bronze (artistic gymnast; floor exercises)[162]
- Yelena Shushunova, USSR, Olympic 2x champion (all-around, team), silver (balance beam), bronze (uneven bars)
Ice hockey
- Max Birbraer, Russian from Kazakhstan; lived & played in Israel; 1st Israeli drafted by NHL team (New Jersey Devils)[163]
- Vitaly Davydov, Soviet, defenseman, 3x Olympic champion, world & European champion 1963–71, runner-up
- Alfred Kuchevsky, Soviet, Olympic champion, bronze
- Yuri Lyapkin, Soviet, defenceman, Olympic champion[164]
- Yuri Moiseev, Soviet, Olympic champion, world champion[165]
- Vladimir Myshkin, Soviet, goaltender, Olympic champion, silver[164]
- Ian Rubin, Ukraine/Australia, Russia national team[166]
- Yevgeni Zimin, Soviet, Olympic champion 1968–72, world & European champion 1968–69, 1971
- Viktor Zinger, Soviet, Olympic champion; world champion 1965–69
Judo
Rugby league
Sailing
- Valentyn Mankin, Soviet/Ukraine, only sailor in Olympic history to win gold medals in three different classes (yachting: finn class, tempest class, and star class), silver (yachting, tempest class)
Shooting
- Leonid Buryak, USSR/Ukraine, midfielder, Olympic bronze
- Andriy Oberemko, Ukraine, midfielder (Illichivets & U21 national team)[168]
- Boris Razinsky, USSR/Russia, goalkeeper/striker, Olympic champion, manager
- Mordechai Spiegler, Soviet Union/Israel, striker (Israel national team), manager
Speed skating
- Rafayel Grach, USSR, Olympic silver (500-meter), bronze (500-meter)
Swimming
- Vadim Alexeev, Kazakhstan-born Israeli, breaststroke[169]
- Semyon Belits-Geiman, USSR, Olympic silver (400-m freestyle relay) and bronze (800-m freestyle relay); world record in men's 800-m freestyle
- Lenny Krayzelburg, Ukrainian-born US, 4x Olympic champion (100-m backstroke, 200-m backstroke, twice 4x100-m medley relay); 3x world champion (100-m and 200-m backstroke, 4×100-m medley) and 2x silver (4×100-m medley, 50-m backstroke); 3 world records (50-, 100-, and 200-m backstroke)
Table tennis
Track and field
- Aleksandr Averbukh, Russian-born Israeli, 2002 & 2006 European champion (pole vault)[171]
- Maria Leontyavna Itkina, USSR, sprinter, world records (400-m & 220-yards, and 800-m relay)
- Svetlana Krachevskaya, USSR, shot put, Olympic silver[172]
- Vera Krepkina, USSR, Olympic champion (long jump), world records (100-m dash and 4x100-m)[173]
- Faina Melnik, Ukrainian-born USSR, 11 world records; Olympic discus throw champion
- Zhanna Pintusevich-Block, Ukraine, sprinter, world 100-m & 200-m champion
- Irina Press, USSR, 2x Olympic champion (80-m hurdles & pentathlon)
- Tamara Press, USSR, 6 world records (shot put & discus); 3x Olympic champion (2x shot put & discus) and silver (discus)
Volleyball
- Nelly Abramova, USSR, Olympic silver
- Larisa Bergen, USSR, Olympic silver[174]
- Yefim Chulak, USSR, Olympic silver, bronze
- Nataliya Kushnir, USSR, Olympic silver
- Yevgeny Lapinsky, USSR, Olympic champion, bronze[175]
- Georgy Mondzolevsky, USSR, 2x Olympic champion, 2x world champion
- Vladimir Patkin, USSR, Olympic silver, bronze[176]
- Yuriy Venherovsky, USSR, Olympic champion
Water polo
Weightlifting
- Moisei Kas’ianik, Ukrainian-born USSR, world champion[167]
- Grigory Novak, Soviet, Olympic silver (middle-heavyweight); world champion
- Rudolf Plyukfelder, Soviet, Olympic champion, 2x world champion (light heavyweight)[178]
- David Rigert, Kazakh-born USSR, Olympic champion, 5x world champion (light-heavyweight and heavyweight), 68 world records[179]
- Igor Rybak, Ukrainian-born USSR, Olympic champion (lightweight)
- Valery Shary, Byelorussian-born USSR, Olympic champion (light-heavyweight)
Wrestling
- Grigorii Gamarnik, USSR, world champion (Greco-Roman lightweight), world championship silver[167]
- Samuel Gerson, Ukrainian-born US, Olympic silver (freestyle featherweight)
- Boris Maksovich Gurevich, Soviet, Olympic champion (Greco-Roman flyweight), 2x world champion
- Boris Michail Gurevitsch, USSR, Olympic champion (freestyle middleweight), 2x world champion
- Oleg Karavaev, USSR, Olympic champion (Greco-Roman bantamweight), 2x world champion[180]
- Yakov Punkin, Soviet, Olympic champion (Greco-Roman featherweight)
- David Rudman, USSR, world championship bronze[167]
Other sports
See also
- ^ a b c "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_a.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c d e f "Russian Jews". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. 1918-07-10. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSjews.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_c.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ (half-Jewish)[1]: "Russian Jew named prime minister ... If approved, Fradkov would be the first identified Jew to serve as Russia's prime minister".
- ^ Albert S. Lindemann. Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews, Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-521-79538-9 (pbk), p.430
- ^ a b c d e f g http://www.judaica.com.br/materias/020_04a10.htm
- ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica". Britannica.com. 1991-07-25. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044306/Lazar-Moiseyevich-Kaganovich. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_k.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Jews and Jewish life in Russia and ... - Yaacov Ro'i - Google Boeken". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0714646199&id=bJBH5pxzSyMC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&ots=xXDeElEHJL&dq=%22Lazar+Kaganovich%22+JEW&sig=Sc2pumbAJDJJjQE5VCKDegHACFM. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c "FJC | News | A Jewish Renaissance in Russia". Fjc.ru. 2005-05-03. http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=276745. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Churchill and the Baltics - The Churchill Centre
- ^ a b "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_m.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "j. - Russian Jewish reformist moves up Kremlin ladder". Jewishsf.com. 1997-03-21. http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/5753/edition_id/107/format/html/displaystory.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_r.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c d "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_s.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_t.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Trotsky was born of Jewish parents in the S Ukraine." "Trotsky, Leon", The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05.
- ^ "His father was a prosperous Jewish farmer. After attending a Jewish primary school, Trotsky became a student at a state school in the city of Odesa (Odessa) in 1888..." "Leon Trotsky", Encarta, 2007. Archived 2009-10-31.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_u.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Zvi Gitelman. A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present, 2nd expanded edition, Indiana University Press, 1988, 2001, ISBN 0-253-21418-1
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_y.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: Zinovyev was born to lower middle-class Jewish parents"
- ^ Zhirinovsky admits Jewish roots BBC News
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_b.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Menachem Begin". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 1992-03-09. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/begin.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Yitzhak BenZvi". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 1963-04-23. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/ben-zvi.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Shemuel Dayan". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Sdayan.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_e.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Levi Eshkol". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 1969-02-26. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/eshkol.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_k.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Office of the President". Mfa.gov.il. http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/government/branches%20of%20government/executive/office%20of%20the%20president. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Knesset Member, Avigdor Liberman". Knesset.gov.il. http://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=214. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_m.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Golda Meir". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 1973-10-06. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/meir.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Shimon Peres". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/peres.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Yitzhak Shamir". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/shamir.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Online NewsHour: Natan Sharansky - July 22, 1997". Pbs.org. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/july-dec97/sharansky_7-22.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Moshe Sharett". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/sharett.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Zalman Shazar". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/shazar.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_v.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Chaim Weizmann (1874-1952)". Jafi.org.il. 2005-05-15. http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/bios/weiz.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "The Pintov/ Dori Family". Eilatgordinlevitan.com. 1949-11-09. http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/kurenets/k_pages/stories_pintov_dori.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_z.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Ze'ev (Vladimir) Jabotinsky". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 1940-08-04. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/jabotinsky.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Haim Laskov". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Laskov.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Born in Lublin, Poland, Sadeh began his military career in the Russian army during the First World War. He was decorated for bravery and rose to be a battalion commander. He emigrated to Erez Israel in 1920, upon hearing of the death of Joseph Trumpeldor, whom he had met three years earlier". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/sadeh.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Slutsky, Yehuda. "Trumpeldor, Joseph." Encyclopaedia Judaica Vol. 20. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 159-160
- ^ "Knesset Member, Zvi Tsur". Knesset.gov.il. 1965-12-08. http://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=588. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Road to Revolution". Ditext.com. http://www.ditext.com/yarmolinsky/yar12.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Pavel Axelrod JEWish - My library - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?q=%22Pavel+Axelrod%22+JEWish. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_a.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_b.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "World Battlefronts: BATTLE OF RUSSIA: Stage Wait". Time. 1944-08-28. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,885592,00.html?promoid=googlep. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ a b "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_d.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Deutsch, Leo" Encyclopaedia Judaica. Eds. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. Vol. 5. 2nd ed. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA
- ^ "Review: German scholar's view of Dunayevskaya's Luxemburg". Newsandletters.org. http://www.newsandletters.org/Issues/2003/Jan-Feb/RDSRL_Jan03.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_g.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206288.pdf
- ^ "Microsoft Word - 041cover.doc" (PDF). http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/faculty/harrison/archive/persa/041.pdf. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_n.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Mavi Boncuk". Maviboncuk.blogspot.com. http://maviboncuk.blogspot.com/2006/12/alexander-parvus-1867-1924.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Andrew Cook, M: Mi5's First Spymaster (Revealing History), 2004, Tempus Publishing, ISBN 0-7524-2896-9.
- ^ a b c d "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_r.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_u.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_v.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_y.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c Salpeter, Eliahu (2008-04-02). "TheMarker.com". Haaretz.com. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=324066&contrassID=2&subContrassID=5&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Friday, Jan. 25, 1963 (1963-01-25). "Time Magazine". Time.com. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940215,00.html?promoid=googlep. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "JCR-UK - Paper on Brighton Jewish Community". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/jcr-uk/Community/Brightonh.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ The Searchmeisters, page 2, Spring 2006 B'nai B'rith Magazine
- ^ East End history, London history, End End of London, Bernard Delfont, london vacation, Lew Grade, Spitalfields
- ^ "Profile: Russian Jewish Leader Arcadi Gaydamak". NCSJ. 2005-06-28. http://www.ncsj.org/AuxPages/062805JTA_Gaydamak.shtml. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Celebrities say farewell to Grade". BBC News. 1998-12-16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/236393.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-08.
- ^ "Producers". Space1999.net. http://www.space1999.net/~catacombs/main/crguide/vcp.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "FRONTLINE/WORLD . Moscow - Rich in Russia . How to Make a Billion Dollars - Vladimir Gusinsky". PBS. http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/moscow/gusinsky.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "The Role of Politics in Contemporary Russian Antisemitism by Betsy Gidwitz". Jcpa.org. http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp414.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Fost, Dan (2006-02-28). "Max Levchin likes the edge / Starting another company was the natural thing to do for PayPal co-founder". The San Francisco Chronicle. http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/02/26/BUGHIHDT5N1.DTL&hw=max+levchin&sn=001&sc=1000.
- ^ Lane Darnton (1977-05-02). "Checker Origin & History". Darnton.ws. http://www.darnton.ws/~lane/Checker_story.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Personality of the Week - Marks
- ^ Union of Councils for Soviet Jews: Jews of Former Soviet Countries Create International Council
- ^ "Louis B. Mayer". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Louis_Mayer.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Nevzlin
- ^ "Who Made America? | Innovators | Ida Rosenthal". Pbs.org. 2004-06-30. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/theymadeamerica/whomade/rosenthal_lo.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "David Sarnoff". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 1912-04-14. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/sarnoff.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ http://www.hightech-mag.com/index.php/vip/2005/06/alexei-alexeyevich-abrikosov-2003-nobel-prize-in-physics/
- ^ JINFO. "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in Physics". Jinfo.org. http://www.jinfo.org/Nobels_Physics.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ The Russian Scientist Today - William Shelton [2]
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Russian Jewry, Biographies A-I, edited by Herman Branover (Jason Aronson, Northvale, NJ, 1998, pp. 351-352)
- ^ "Microsoft Word - frenkel-bio.doc" (PDF). http://www.olemiss.edu/sciencenet/poronet/frenkel-bio.pdf. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Russian Jew wins physics Nobel - JTA, Jewish & Israel News
- ^ "Emanuel Goldberg Page". People.ischool.berkeley.edu. 2009-03-09. http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~buckland/goldberg.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ http://arxiv.org/pdf/physics/9801025
- ^ a b The Jewish Quarterly
- ^ Unknown
- ^ "CJO - Abstract - The dilemmas of seditious men: the Crowther–Hessen correspondence in the 1930s". Journals.cambridge.org. 2004-01-05. doi:10.1017/S0007087403005156. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=191465. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Citizen Kurchatov - Ioffe". Pbs.org. http://www.pbs.org/opb/citizenk/secrets/ioffe.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "JewishJournal.com". JewishJournal.com. http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=12485. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Obituary: Yuli Khariton". http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19961223/ai_n14072795.
- ^ "Belarus Newsletter". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletter/Kosberg.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Family Lines Sketched in the Portrait of Lev Landau - Physics Today February 2004
- ^ Levich
- ^ "John Templeton Foundation". Templeton.org. http://www.templeton.org/humble_approach_initiative/Multiverse_and_String_Theory/vilenkin.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Dr. Selman Waksman
- ^ Ашдод:лента ежедневных событий
- ^ [3]: "Following is a list of Jewish or Israeli recipients of Turing Prize, Fields Medal and other Mathematical Prizes to date:" Accessed 8 Apr 2007
- ^ Abramowitz, Michael J. (1983-02-25). "The Harvard Crimson :: News :: A Refugee at Harvard". Thecrimson.com. http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=234218. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Brudno in Moscow". Computerhistory.org. http://www.computerhistory.org/chess/full_record.php?iid=stl-430b9bbe49333. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Buber, Solomon:". JewishEncyclopedia.com. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1546&letter=B&search=Buber. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Kharkov, Ukraine ... the only child of prosperous Jewish parents"
- ^ "Virtual Jewish Library, list of Nobel Prizewinners". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/nobels.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ JINFO. "Jewish Economists". Jinfo.org. http://www.jinfo.org/Economists.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Jewish Year Book, 1990, p. 202
- ^ "Lera Auerbach may have defected to the US in the dying days of the Cold War, but her music’s quixotic personality is shaped decisively by her Russian upbringing and Jewish heritage.”
- ^ Bloom, Nate (2006-12-19). "The Jews Who Wrote Christmas Songs". InterfaithFamily. http://www.interfaithfamily.com/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=ekLSK5MLIrG&b=297399&ct=3303147. Retrieved 2006-12-19.
- ^ Lazar Naumovich Berman was born to Jewish parents in what was then Leningrad on February 26 1930.
- ^ [4] "Jascha Heifetz, Fritz Kreisler, Mischa Elman... were all Jews, too"
- ^ a b c "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_e.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ [5] "Anthony Federov: I'm like half Christian, half Jewish. I'm like a mix."
- ^ JINFO. "Jewish Pianists". Jinfo.org. http://www.jinfo.org/Pianists.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Samuil Yevgen´yevich Feinberg (1890‚1962) was regarded as one the most gifted pianists of his day; his compositions, however, have only recently begun to be heard after many years of silence. His parents were of Jewish origin and in 1894 they moved to from Odessa to Moscow". Planettree.org. 1915-04-02. http://www.planettree.org/2000/crussian.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ [6] "His teacher was Joseph Gingold, and as Bell fondly recalled him, "He was a Russian Jewish violinist..."
- ^ "He was born Samuil Hilels in Odessa to a musical Jewish family; both his parents were musicians". Bach-cantatas.com. http://www.bach-cantatas.com/Bio/Gilels-Emil.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ [7] "Ukrainian Jewish singer is country's star" [8] "A Ukrainian Jewish woman, Tanya Liberman, who performs under the name Tina Karol, came in seventh."
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_k.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ [9]
- ^ Fleeing revolution torn Russia, internationally known pianist Leo Sirota, a Russian Jew, settled in Vienna where his only child, a daughter, was born.
- ^ "Regina Spektor, the Brooklyn-based, classically trained Jewish émigré whose family fled the Soviet Union for the Brooklyn when she was nine". Thisislondon.co.uk. http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/music/gig-23351811-details/Regina+Spektor/gigReview.do?reviewId=23364423. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Jewish-American Hall of Fame - Virtual Tour". Amuseum.org. 2007-01-15. http://www.amuseum.org/jahf/virtour/page31.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "All About Jewish Theatre - Abraham Goldfaden : A Theater Pioneer Gets His Due". Jewish-theatre.com. 2011-05-27. http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=1773. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "FJC | News | Jewish Life in Khabarovsk". Fjc.ru. 2003-12-08. http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=109110. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Jewish News Weekly: "One of the country's best-known entertainers has become president (of the Moscow Jewish Community). Comedian Gennady Khazanov, known as "Russia's Bob Hope," said he understood only recently the importance of being personally involved in the Jewish community. ... Last week, after the synagogue stabbing, Khazanov made several television appearances as president of the organization. Sporting a white silk kippah—something he had rarely done before—the comedian focused public attention on the incident. Khazanov isn't the only public figure who has been prompted by the stabbing incident to come out of the Jewish closet." Accessed 30 Oct 2006.
- ^ H. Read, S. Thorndike, and others, Jacob Kramer: a memorial volume (1969)
- ^ [10]
- ^ "Ernst Neizvestny". Rogallery.com. 1945-04-22. http://www.rogallery.com/Neizvestny_Ernst/Neizvestny_bio.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ The Jewish Agency For Israel: Mag-Net
- ^ "JEWISHERITAGE Peinture". Jewisheritage.blogspot.com. 2004-02-26. http://jewisheritage.blogspot.com/search/label/Peinture. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ John F. Canu. "ART / 4 / 2DAY". Safran-arts.com. http://www.safran-arts.com/42day/art/art4jul/art0714.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ ru:Владимир Гальперин
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_s.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_c.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_g.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_i.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/BELARUS/rje_r.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Shaul Tchernichovsky was born in Mikhailovka, Russia, and grew up in a religious home that was open to the ideas of the Enlightenment and Zionism. He attended a modern Hebrew school, where he studied mainly Hebrew and Bible, and at ten entered a Russian school.". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/tchernichovsky.html. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c d e f "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_b.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_d.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_f.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_g.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_l.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_m.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c d e "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_p.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b c d e "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_s.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Russian Jewish Encyclopedia". Jewishgen.org. http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/rje_t.htm. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Gray, Geoffrey (December 27, 2003). "Jewish Boxers Are Looking to Make a Comeback". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/27/sports/boxing-jewish-boxers-are-looking-to-make-a-comeback.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
- ^ "The 18th Maccabiah–Maccabiah Chai". JCC. http://www.jcc.org/articlenav.php?id=584. Retrieved June 3, 2010.
- ^ Johanna Ginsberg (June 9, 2005). "Oksana Baiul, figure skating champion, embraces Jewish roots". New Jersey Jewish News. http://njjewishnews.com/njjn.com/2005/060905/mwbaiul.html. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
- ^ Elfman, Lois (December 8, 2004). "Jewish Ice Skaters". The Jewish Ledger. http://www.jewishledger.com/articles/2004/12/08/news/on_the_cover/news03.txt. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ David Pollack (February 8, 2002). "America's Hottest Jewish Olympic Hopefuls Are To Be Found on the Ice". The Forward. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79273055.html?refid=gnews_1108. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ Beverley Smith, Dan Diamond (1997). A Year in Figure Skating. McClelland & Stewart. ISBN 0771027559. http://books.google.com/books?id=X5WAzo00SGgC&q=jewish+%22Michael+Shmerkin%22&dq=jewish+%22Michael+Shmerkin%22&hl=en&ei=RP0sTOvWBMKB8gbnyL3wDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ Nate Bloom (February 16, 2006). "The Tribe goes to Torino: Sketches of Jewish Olympic-Bound Athletes". JWR. http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0206/bloom_olympics06.php3. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ Lionel Gaffen and Joe Eskenazi (February 9, 2006). "Jewish athletes in the Olympics—then and now". j.. http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/28377/jewish-athletes-in-the-olympics-then-and-now/. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- ^ Roiphe, Anne (July 13, 2009). "Maccabiah opens with fanfare in Ramat Gan". The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=148518. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
- ^ "Jews in Sports: Hockey". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/hockeytoc.html. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
- ^ a b "Jews and the Olympic Games: the ... - Paul Taylor - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&pg=PA254&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+lyapkin&hl=en&ei=Iu6dTtf1NcHosQKrz6STCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Jews%20and%20the%20Olympic%20Games%22%20lyapkin&f=false. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Jews and the Olympic Games: the ... - Paul Taylor - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=tGcPDXOjxMoC&pg=PA236&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+moiseyev&hl=en&ei=11aeTtuqFMHv0gH1la3CCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ a b "19-year-old Jewish Prodigy Bound for the NRL". Bulldogs Rugby League Club. May 9, 2007. http://thebulldogs.com.au/main.php?page=archives&month=05&year=2007&type=List&num=7. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
- ^ a b c d "YIVO | Sport: Jews in Sport in the USSR". Yivoencyclopedia.org. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Sport/Jews_in_Sport_in_the_USSR. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ Peshkhatzki, Motti (June 9, 2006). "דינמו קייב לבית"ר: 220 אלף דולר על אנדריי אוברמקו" (in Hebrew). http://www.nrg.co.il/online/3/ART1/433/383.html. Retrieved July 6, 2008.
- ^ "Pooling their Talent", Joel Gordin, The Jerusalem Post, July 2, 1993, Retrieved January 1, 2011
- ^ "Jews in Sports: Table Tennis". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/tabletennistoc.html. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
- ^ "Jews in Sports: Track & Field". Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/tracktoc.html. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
- ^ "Jews and the Olympic Games: the ... - Paul Taylor - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=tGcPDXOjxMoC&pg=PA234&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+krachevskaya&hl=en&ei=eh6dTtvFJsHs0gHgl6m6CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Jews and the Olympic Games: the ... - Paul Taylor - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=tGcPDXOjxMoC&pg=PA234&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+krepkina&hl=en&ei=1h-dTtXEKKTC0AHqvJGACQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Jews and the Olympic Games: the ... - Paul Taylor - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&pg=PA225&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22++larysa&hl=en&ei=Bh6aTr2VIabu0gHMyMy_BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Jews%20and%20the%20Olympic%20Games%22%20%20larysa&f=false. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Jews and the Olympic Games: the ... - Paul Taylor - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&pg=PA235&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+lapinsky&hl=en&ei=gp-dTvvCOvDG0AHYubH9CA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Jews and the Olympic Games: the ... - Paul Taylor - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&pg=PA238&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+patkin&hl=en&ei=aiagToSMLqnI0QGQ9KXVBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Jews and the Olympic Games: the ... - Paul Taylor - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=tGcPDXOjxMoC&pg=PA236&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+melnikov&hl=en&ei=DEWeTqr5DajL0QGfoaCMCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Jews and the Olympic Games: the ... - Paul Taylor - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&pg=PA238&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+plyukfelder&hl=en&ei=Ii-gTtOBJ-Hq0gHC1digBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "Jews and the Olympic Games: the ... - Paul Taylor - Google Books". Books.google.com. http://books.google.com/books?id=t0KzECrIQDQC&pg=PA240&dq=%22Jews+and+the+Olympic+Games%22+rigert&hl=en&ei=aFWgTsSTDabm0QG409iGBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
- ^ "yivoencyclopedia.org". yivoencyclopedia.org. http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Sport/Jews_in_Sport_in_the_USSR. Retrieved 2012-01-04.
External links